Advances in Human Factors, Business Management and Leadership by Unknown

Author:Unknown
Language: eng
Format: epub
ISBN: 9783030507916
Publisher: Springer International Publishing

2 State of the Art

In the mining industry, two types of exploitation methods can be identified: underground and open-pit methods. In the underground method, the mining cycle is comprising drilling, blasting, cleaning, transport, loading, support, and filling, wherein filling is the final stage of the mining cycle for any underground mine. There are different types of fillers: cemented filler, paste filler, detrital filler, and the best-known hydraulic filler. Paste filler requires the presence of slurry to maximize the solid content [1, 2], as its fine particles reduce the need to use large amounts of water. Furthermore, the water used here does not need to be drained because it is consumed when hydrating the cement.

There are several terms associated with lime, both current and historical, which can generate some confusion when referring to lime plasters and mortars. Understanding the difference between hydrated lime and hydraulic lime appears to be, by far, the most challenging distinction for most people. The prefix “hydrated” is a good clue that reveals that both terms are related to water. First, hydrated lime is produced when limestone is burned to produce lime, releasing CO2 gas. Second, hydraulic lime has the property of hydraulicity, since they do not have any type of additive such as cements and have much more resistance than a hydrated lime.

Hydraulic fillings favor production increases owing to the increase in efficiency rises by saving time when filling the cuts. In addition, the use of conventional equipment for transporting fillers is eliminated because only pipes would be used, these pipes are considerably cheaper and faster than conventional equipment. The main hydraulic filling factor that influences the sustenance is the hydraulic filling that forms a uniform floor, which helps to make the slab sustainable and usable in the next sublevel of exploitation. It begins to fill the pit and look for the appropriate level of height, so that it is then allowed to dry for several days. And good support was obtained [3, 4].

Currently, in Peruvian mines, tailings are part of the mining and ore concentration processes. However, most of them contain elements that impact the environment. Therefore, they must be reused, transported, and stored in dams, where their components eventually settle at the bottom and the water is evaporated and recovered. Over time, they have been reused in different mines to reduce their impacts [5, 6]. In most cases, mine tailings are applied as hydraulic fillers. This process comprises obtaining mine tailings that are produced from the concentrator plant and transferring them to a hydraulic filler plant where they are sorted based on the particle size [7]. The use of tailings as hydraulic fillers is a more resistant and economic technique for supporting exploitation works.

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